[转帖]杂谈虚拟语气

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基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)和虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(Present Tense)和过去时态(Past Tense)是有所不同的。

　　二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)

　　虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词 be，在虚拟过去中要用 were。

　　2.1　过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语气)

　　I worked ---- I worked

　　you worked ---- you worked

　　he worked ---- he worked

　　she worked ---- she worked

　　it worked ---- it worked

　　we worked ---- we worked

　　they worked ---- they worked

　　2.2　过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

　　I was working ---- I were working （注意是 I were）

　　you were working ---- you were working

　　he was working ---- he were working (是 he were 喔)

　　she was working ---- she were working

　　it was working ---- it were working

　　we were working ---- we were working

　　they were working ---- they were working

　　2.3　过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气)

　　I had worked ---- I had worked

　　you had worked ---- you had worked

　　he had worked ---- he had worked

　　she had worked ---- she had worked

　　it had worked ---- it had worked

　　we had worked ---- we had worked

　　they had worked ---- they had worked

　　(全部都用 had ! )

　　2.4　过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气)

　　I had been working ---- I had been working

　　you had been working ---- you had been working

　　he had been working ---- he had been working

　　she had been working ---- she had been working

　　it had been working ---- it had been working

　　we had been working ---- we had been working

　　they had been working ---- they had been working

　　(全部都是 had been ）

三、简单的祝愿和命令：

　　3.1　祝愿

　　1.　May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。

　　2.　May you have a good time.

　　3.　May the friendship between us last long,

　　4.　Have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快！

　　3.2　命令

　　1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。

　　2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！

　　3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go

　　4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。

　　1.　Work !

　　2.　Work harder !

　　3.　Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be)

　　4.　You go out !

　　5.　Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气)

　　6.　Don"t be afraid. (口语中常用don"t 代替 do not)

四、在现在时态句里，用情态动词(Modal Verb)的过去时态

　　(could,might,should,would)表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼、委婉等：

　　1. Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office.

　　(情态动词 would,表示客气有礼)

　　2. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉)

　　五、虚拟语气在宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法：

　　5.1 在wish后的虚拟语气宾语从句(可省略它的that)：

　　表示：a.和现在的事实相反；

　　b.和过去的事实相反；

　　c.对将来的主观愿望。

　　5.1.1 现在情况的虚拟，从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)：

　　1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.

　　(wish, 动词过去式 knew)

　　我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)

　　2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.

　　(wish, were)

　　但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)

　　3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)

　　但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能。)

　　4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.

　　(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)

　　5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.

　　(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)

　　现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)

　　6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.

　　(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)

　　5.1.2 过去情况的虚拟，从句动词用"had + 过去分词"（时间上较前):

　　1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn"t wasted so much time.

　　我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)

　　2. He wishes he hadn"t lost the chance.

　　他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)

　　3. We wished he had spoken to us.

　　(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)

　　4. I wish you had called earlier.

　　(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)

　　5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.

　　(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)

　　5.1.3 将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)，从句动词用"would/should/

　　could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后):

　　(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)

　　1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)

　　我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)

　　2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)

　　我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)

　　3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)

　　你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)

　　4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)

　　我希望她会改变主意。

　　5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)

　　(只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起)

　　5.2　除了wish之外，下列各动词(如 suggest)的后面的虚拟语气宾语从句，其谓语用："should + 动词原形"表示建议(suggest)、坚持(insist)等虚拟语气：

　　* suggest (建议), recommend (推荐), advise (劝告), propose (建议)

　　* insist (坚持), consent (允诺)

　　* decide (决定), order (命令)

　　* request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)

　　* maintain (主张), urge (催促)

　　1.　I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.

　　(suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会)

　　2.　The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight.

　　(suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该减肥喔)

　　3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.

　　(insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没用哩！)

　　4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.

　　(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可)

　　5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves.

　　(ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)

六、虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法：

　　下列名词后的表语从句或同位语从句，也用"should + 动词原形" 表示虚拟语气：

　　* demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)

　　* advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)

　　* order (命令)

　　* necessity (必要地), preference (优先)

　　* proposal (计划), plan (计划),　idea (办法)

　　1.　The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.

　　(名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告)

　　2. My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.

　　(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)

　　3. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

　　(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)

　　虚拟语气之类的语法真是错综复杂，不是一时半刻就能弄清楚的。再会。

　　七、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法

　　句型：It is (或was) + 形容词(或过去分词) + that …… +should + 动词原形……

　　句子：It is natural that she should do so. (形容词natural, should+动词原形do)

　　常用的形容词：

　　* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)

　　* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)

　　* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)

　　* desirable (极好的)

　　常用的过去分词(Past Participle):

　　* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)

　　* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)

　　* orderd (命令)

　　1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.

　　(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)

　　2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.

　　(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好准备)

　　3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.

　　(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)

　　4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.

　　(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)

　　5. It"s important that we (should) take good care of the patient.

　　(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顾好病人) (实习编辑：夏根建)